Radioactive contamination transported to Western Europe with Saharan dust

The Reggane region, where the first French atmospheric nuclear tests were conducted in the 1960s in Southern Algeria, is located in one of the most active dust source regions responsible for recurrent massive Saharan dust events reaching Western Europe and affecting air quality. After a major outbreak in March 2022, a citizen participative science campaign was launched to study the radioactivity born by the dust. One hundred ten deposit samples were collected from six countries in Western Europe with 53 demonstrated as scientifically representative. Geochemical and mineralogical sample analyses combined with satellite observations and back trajectory calculations confirmed an origin from South Algeria, including the Reggane site. Plutonium isotopic signatures, a unique nuclear bomb fingerprint, remained in the range of the global fallout signatures largely dominated by US and former USSR nuclear tests, significantly different from French fallout signatures. Radioactive contamination detected in all samples did not, however, present a risk to public health in terms of radioactivity exposure.