Microwave assisted biomass derived carbon aerogel for highly efficient oxytetracycline hydrochloride degradation: Singlet oxygen mechanism and C vacancies accelerated electron transfer

With plant biomass α-cellulose and sodium lignosulfonate as starting materials, biochar aerogel catalysts were prepared with facile microwave assisted pyrolysis in 5 min; and the as-prepared biochars were utilized for efficient peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) degradation under transition metal free conditions. It was found that microwave treatment and sodium lignosulfonate were beneficial for thiophene S introduction, C = O groups and C vacancies enrichment, as well as specific surface area increase. The optimal α-cellulose and sodium lignosulfonate derived metal free biochar aerogel catalyst C3S2 displayed excellent ability to promote PMS activation for 99.9 % OTC degradation during 15 min with rate constant up to 0.818 min−1. Through correlation analysis, quenching tests as well as EPR characterization, C = O groups and thiophene S were considered as main sites for PMS activation to produce nonradicals singlet oxygen (1O2) in OTC degradation. Meanwhile, C vacancies enrichment further improved the pollutants degradation by means of electron transfer acceleration. This research demonstrated new insight in metal-free biochar catalyst design for highly efficient contaminants degradation with 1O2 pathway.