Resistance to artificial intelligence in health care: Literature review, conceptual framework, and research agenda

Resistance has historically been considered a salient obstacle to the implementation of information systems, including healthcare information technology. However, artificial intelligence in health care (AIH) reshapes the relationships among technologies, physicians, and patients, and the nature of resistance has thus been transformed. To gain a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon, this study systematically examines resistance to AIH across health care providers and recipients by reviewing 94 articles. Combining innovation resistance theory and the sociotechnical perspective, we develop an overarching framework to synthesize research and provide agendas for future research. This study constitutes an initial guideline for understanding resistance to AIH.