Abstract Freeze-drying from a 5% aqueous solution of glucose produced a marked protection of spores of Bacillus subtilis subjected to spent fuel gamma-irradiation over the range 2·5–12·5 × 105 rads. Freeze-drying from aqueous suspension produced no protection. Irradiation in 5% aqueous glucose and in aqueous suspension gave log % survivor/dose regressions with similar slopes.