Etiopathogenesis of Keratoconus: A Contemporary Overview

This review synthesizes current knowledge on KC's multifactorial etiology, emphasizing the shift toward holistic management strategies that address both ocular and systemic factors. Environmental exposures, daily habits, and systemic health converge to influence keratoconus onset and progression for understanding this enigmatic disease. Future directions include personalized therapies focusing on fundamental molecular pathways and public health measures to moderate environmental risks.