Ionogram generation in HF band by using three dimensional ray tracing

In this study, combination of three-dimensional ray tracing and electron density estimator IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) is used to obtain the ionosonde output, ionogram. The developed structure is able to generate both vertical ionograms where the receiver and transmitter are in the same location and oblique ionograms where the transmitter and receiver are in the different locations. The developed ionogram generation capability can be useful for cases where there is no ionosonde station in the interested area.