The Potent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Entry Inhibitor HR212 Blocks Formation of the Envelope Glycoprotein gp41 Six-Helix Bundle

HR212, a recombinant protein composed of the heptad repeat, is a rationally designed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion inhibitor. This protein can be easily produced by Escherichia coli at a low cost. Previously, studies indicated that HR212 can efficiently inhibit the entry and replication of both laboratory and clinical HIV-1 strains, and this protein is more stable and less sensitive to proteinases than T20. The procedure of HIV-1 entry into the host cells can be divided into three main steps: gp120-CD4 interactions, coreceptor binding, and gp41 six-helix bundle formation and subsequent membrane fusion. The present study demonstrates that HR212 does not block gp120-CD4 binding or interfere with binding to the coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. Instead, HR212 efficiently blocks the six-helix bundle formation between peptides derived from the N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) and the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) region of gp41. Fluorescence native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (FN-PAGE) indicated that HR212 could form a complex with peptide N36 to block gp41 fusogenic core formation. These results suggest that HR212 inhibits HIV-1 entry by targeting the NHR region of gp41. Therefore, HR212 can potentially be developed as a novel, high-efficiency, specific HIV-1 entry inhibitor.