Hydrolysis of p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants: The Reaction Mechanism, Prediction Model, and Potential Impact on Aquatic Toxicity

around neutral pH for 60 PPDs (monitored in environment, commercially available, or under investigation) is determined, showing variations ranging from 2.2 h to 47 days. The model prediction of primary C-N hydrolysis is confirmed through typical PPDs. With the elucidated mechanism and developed model, this research provides new insights into PPD hydrolysis, underscoring its significance in delineating environmental impacts.