Perspectives of physicians, nurses, and patients on the use of artificial intelligence and robotic nurses in healthcare

AIM: This study aims to assess the perspectives of physicians, nurses, and patients in Turkey regarding the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic nurses in healthcare settings while exploring their attitudes toward the use of robots in healthcare delivery. BACKGROUND: AI and robotic nurses are increasingly shaping healthcare delivery and influencing clinical decision-making processes. However, research examining the impact of AI and robotic nurses on nursing practice and patient care remains limited. The attitudes of healthcare professionals and patients are crucial factors for the successful integration and adoption of these technologies in clinical settings. METHOD: This qualitative study employed in-depth individual interviews to explore participants' perspectives. The sample consisted of 13 physicians, 17 nurses, and 15 patients, all recruited from university hospitals, Ministry of Health hospitals, and private healthcare facilities across Turkey. Data were collected using two semistructured interview guides with "Healthcare Workersand Patients". Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained prior to data collection. The collected data were analyzed with content analysis using MAXQDA Pro 2021 software. RESULTS: The qualitative findings were organized into four primary themes: "Impact of AI Technologies on Healthcare," "Use of AI and Robots," "Receiving Care from Humanoid Robots," and "Working with Humanoid Robots." These themes were further explored through 12 subthemes and corresponding codes. DISCUSSION: Participants who had not yet interacted directly with AI technologies and relied solely on literature or had limited knowledge about the process generally believed that AI and robotic nurses could positively affect healthcare. However, they expressed concerns regarding the inability of these technologies to replicate the human touch. They specifically highlighted the limitations of robots in areas requiring empathy, emotional connection, and personalized care. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND/OR HEALTH POLICY: This study explored the perspectives of physicians, nurses, and patients regarding AI and robotic nurses, revealing both anticipated benefits and potential challenges for the healthcare system. The findings indicate the necessity for policies that address the ethical, social, and professional implications of AI and robotics, ensuring that their integration into healthcare practices is aligned with nursing and health policy objectives. It is crucial for international healthcare leaders to collaborate in developing policies that optimize the benefits of these technologies across diverse healthcare settings.