The three-dimensional electrochemical processes for water and wastewater remediations: Mechanisms, affecting parameters, and applications

Three-dimensional electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, which fill conductive particles between the anode and cathode in a conventional electrochemical reactor, are a type of potential advanced oxidation process that is successful in treating wastewater. Various studies investigated the performances of three-dimensional electrochemical advanced processes for water and wastewater treatment. This paper systematically reviewed the current development of the three-dimensional electrochemical advanced processes for wastewater treatment. The mechanism of the three-dimensional electrochemical reaction was reviewed. The reactors’ designs, electrode materials (such as traditional electrodes and particles electrodes), and operational parameters (such as initial pH, initial pollutant concentration, current density, particles electrodes dosage, aeration intensity, and electrolyte concentration) of the three-dimensional electrochemical advanced processes were introduced. The application of three-dimensional electrochemical advanced processes for wastewater treatment was reviewed. The current limitations of the three-dimensional electrochemical advanced processes were discussed, and corresponding development recommendations were made. This paper demonstrated the application possibility for water and wastewater treatment of the three-dimensional electrochemical advanced processes.