Practice pattern and risk of not receiving planned surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract OBJECTIVES Unlike the initial plan, some patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cannot or do not receive surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). This study aimed to report the epidemiology of patients not receiving surgery after nCRT and to evaluate the potential risk of refusing surgery. METHODS We analysed patients with clinical stage T3-T4aN0M0 or T1-T4aN1-N3M0 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent nCRT as an initial treatment intent between January 2005 and March 2020. Patients not receiving surgery were categorized using predefined criteria. To evaluate the risk of refusing surgery, a propensity-matched comparison with those who received surgery was performed. Recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was compared between groups, according to clinical response to nCRT. RESULTS Among the study population (n = 715), 105 patients (14.7%) eventually failed to reach surgery. There were three major patterns of not receiving surgery: disease progression before surgery (n = 25), functional deterioration at reassessment (n = 47), and patient’s refusal without contraindications (n = 33). After propensity-score matching, the RFS curves of the surgery group and the refusal group were significantly different (P < 0.001), while OS curves were not significantly different (P = 0.069). In patients who achieved clinical complete response on re-evaluation, no significant difference in the RFS curves (P = 0.382) and in the OS curves (P = 0.290) was observed between the surgery group and the refusal group. However, among patients who showed partial response or stable disease on re-evaluation, the RFS and OS curves of the refusal group were overall significantly inferior compared to those of the surgery group (both P < 0.001). The 5-year RFS rates were 10.3% for the refusal group and 48.2% for the surgery group, and the 5-year OS rates were 8.2% for the refusal group and 46.1% for the surgery group. CONCLUSIONS Patient’s refusal remains one of the major obstacles in completing the trimodality therapy for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Refusing surgery when offered may jeopardize oncological outcome, particularly in those with residual disease on re-evaluation after nCRT. These results provide significant implications for consulting patients who are reluctant to oesophagectomy after nCRT.