Vinegar polyphenol extract alleviates alcohol-induced liver injury through suppressing the hepatic MAPK signaling pathway and restoring gut microbiota homeostasis and short-chain fatty acid generation in male mice

, which was accompanied by restoration of SCFA generation, notably acetic acid and propionic acid. Microbiota depletion weakened the protective effects of VE, whereas fecal microbiota transplantation restored its hepatoprotective activity. These findings suggest that VE alleviates alcohol-associated liver disease by suppressing the hepatic MAPK signaling pathway and restoring intestinal homeostasis. VE is a promising food-derived functional ingredient for the prevention of ALD.