Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb), a key immune evasion protein of Staphylococcus aureus and a potential therapeutic target

Due to the continued growth of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, it is necessary to explore alternative targets for future therapeutic applications. For this reason, is important to understand the staphylococcal immune evasion mechanisms with a special focus on extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) and Efb related proteins. Therefore, it was conducted a literature review to compile relevant information on this protein. It was found that Efb has three binding sites with biological relevance that could be used as therapeutic targets with specificity for fibrinogen, platelets, and complements. First, the fibrinogen-binding motifs also found in coagulase block neutrophil αMβ2 adherence to fibrinogen and attract fibrinogen to the bacterial surface, forming capsule-like structures that block phagocytosis. Second, Efb is a potent anti-thrombotic agent, probably related to its P-selectin binding capacity. Efb P-selectin binding blocks the interaction of P-selectin with the PSGL-1 receptor, thereby impairs the mechanisms of platelet-mediated leukocyte recruitment to the site of vascular injury. Third, the Efb complement binding domain, also found in other staphylococcal complement inhibitory proteins like Ecb, Sbi, and SCIN, is responsible for the evasion of the complement-mediated immune response. Efb reduces the formation of C3 convertase and the interaction with neutrophils, affect B-cells activation, and maturation. Efb binding sites have a clear implication on the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in mastitis, wound infection, staphylococcal pneumonia, and infections related to implanted devices, and contributes to staphylococcal persistence in host tissues and abscess formation in the kidneys. Given the biological relevance of Efb binding sites in staphylococcal infections, they are promising vaccine targets. Additionally, due to the inhibitory effect of Efb on platelets and complements, Efb can be a potential therapeutic agent to treat diseases associated with thrombosis and abnormal complement activity.