Impact of the Earth Rotation Compensation on MEMS-IMU Preintegration of Factor Graph Optimization

In filtering-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) / inertial navigation system (INS) integrated navigation systems, the precise INS mechanization has fully considered the impact of the Earth rotation, Coriolis acceleration, etc. However, most inertial measurement unit (IMU) preintegration models in factor graph optimization (FGO)-based integrated navigation systems are rough and ignore these factors. We propose an FGO-based GNSS/INS integrated navigation system to analyze and evaluate the impact of the Earth rotation on MEMS-IMU preintegration. The proposed FGO-based integration is based on a refined IMU preintegration, in which the Earth rotation is compensated. The proposed GNSS/INS integration is a sliding-window optimizer in which the GNSS positioning and the IMU preintegration are tightly fused within the FGO framework. The simulated GNSS outage in field tests, an effective method, is adopted to evaluate the IMU preintegration quantitatively. The results demonstrate that the refined IMU preintegration can achieve the same accuracy as the precise INS mechanization. In contrast, the rough IMU preintegration and INS mechanization without compensating for the Earth rotation yields notable accuracy degradation. When the GNSS-outage time is 60 seconds, the degradation can be 200% for the industrial-grade MEMS module and more than 10% for the consumer-grade MEMS chip. Besides, the degradation can be more significant if the GNSS-outage time is longer. The proposed FGO-based GNSS/INS integration ( https://github.com/i2Nav-WHU/OB_GINS ) and the employed datasets ( https://github.com/i2Nav-WHU/awesome-gins-datasets ) are open-sourced on GitHub.