Ubiquitin recognition integrates plant immune signaling by cell-surface and intracellular receptors

Abstract Plant immunity is activated by cell-surface and intracellular receptors that detect pathogen-derived molecules. Mutual potentiation between these two receptor types is essential for robust disease resistance, but the mechanisms underpinning integrated dual receptor immunity remain unknown. Here, we found that activation of the intracellular receptor, ZAR1, induces its site-specific modification by non-proteolytic ubiquitin chains. ZAR1-anchored ubiquitin chains promote oligomerization of ZAR1 into a calcium-permeable resistosome pore and are recognized by RH3, a ubiquitin-binding DEAD-box RNA helicase. Remarkably, RH3 recruits both ZAR1 resistosomes and cell-surface receptor components into a dual receptor complex, thereby enhancing calcium-dependent mRNA translation of core defense proteins and establishing robust immunity. These findings identify ubiquitin recognition as the missing link in mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors.