Effect of Trace Elements on Neurodevelopment in Offspring After Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, and Related Potential Mechanisms: A Narrative Review

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most widespread obstetric complications, and its prevalence increases year by year. GDM raises the risk of perinatal maternal and fetal complications, such as gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, and even affects the long-term health of the fetus and child. It is well known that trace elements are important for the health of pregnant women. Recent studies have demonstrated a link between GDM and changes in trace element levels in the body. Moreover, the theory of developmental origins of health and disease emphasizes the significance of the intrauterine environment during pregnancy for the long-term health of the fetus. Previous studies have reported that changes in the intrauterine environment increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. Here, we summarize the potential mechanisms behind GDM and neurodevelopmental problems in offspring. In addition, the effects of trace elements zinc, selenium, and chromium are explored in modulating GDM and their potentially beneficial effects in improving neurodevelopment, which might provide new insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal hyperglycemia on the neurodevelopment of the offspring and the use of trace elements to improve neurodevelopment in offspring of individuals who experienced GDM.