Recent advances and future perspectives on key components for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-based technologies, especially for large-scale energy storage, due to high safety, environmental sustainability, abundant resource and lower cost. However, SIBs performance still needs to be improved in the areas of cyclic stability, energy/power densities and fast-charging capability. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of SIBs, covering their basic function, recent advancements in materials, and crucial components such anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and separators. First, the historical development, working principle and electrode materials of SIBs are symmetrically summarized. Second, the recent progress of cathode materials such as polyanionic compounds, Prussian blue, layer transition metal oxides, and organic compounds are explained. Then, the five primary categories of anode materials for SIBs such as alloying, intercalation, organic, conversion and MXene materials are critically reviewed. In order to developed high performance SIBs for real-world applications, the technical difficulties are finally outlined, and potential future research directions for resolving these issues are suggested. This comprehensive review of the key components of SIB technology contributes important insights given the need of shifting to more sustainable energy storage technologies to address climate change and accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals. It emphasizes how important the key Components are to the development of SIBs as high energy/power densities and environmentally friendly energy storage options.