Iodine Vacancy Redistribution in Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Films and Resistive Switching Effects

ions, or by light illumination. An electrical-write and optical-erase memory element is further demonstrated by coupling ion migration with electric fields and light illumination. These results provide guidance toward improved stability and performance of perovskite-based optoelectronic systems, and can lead to the development of solid-state devices that couple ionics, electronics, and optics.