Structural Design and Performance Control Mechanisms of Gradient Structure Composite Materials: A Review

ABSTRACT Functional gradient composite materials (FGCM) achieve spatially tailored material properties by alleviating the stress concentration at interfaces caused by abrupt property changes in traditional composites. This review summarizes the four major classification schemes and three core property‐control mechanisms of FGCM, establishing a comprehensive design‐to‐performance theoretical framework. This paper outlines recent breakthroughs in precise gradient architecture through various manufacturing methods and advanced preparation techniques and systematically characterizes the property profiles and control mechanisms of FGCM under extreme environments, including high‐velocity impact, thermal shock, and corrosive exposure. Finally, it highlights the challenges impeding the scale‐up of FGCM applications, including cost, durability, and design tools. It also outlines future thrusts directions in multiscale intelligent design, green manufacturing, and cross‐domain integration, providing a theoretical framework for achieving reverse design.