Multi-proxy approaches in Archaeobotany: Botanical reconstruction of ancient gardens from a Mediterranean perspective

Over the past two decades, the field of garden archaeology has expanded significantly in both temporal and spatial scopes, moving beyond its initial focus on the gardens of the Vesuvius region. These early Roman gardens, remarkably well-preserved, feature the first instances where garden soils were treated as archaeological artifacts. This innovative approach laid the groundwork for the study of ancient gardens in subsequent decades. The developments of this discipline in recent years are largely attributable to advancements in archaeobotanical techniques and the incorporation of new methodologies. This paper seeks to review the current knowledge of archaeobotanical methods used to identify ornamental plants cultivated in ancient gardens. The most efficient techniques involve microbotanical proxies such as palynology and phytolith analysis, as well as the study of macrobotanical remains, including wood, charcoal, seeds, and fruits. For each type of archaeobotanical method, this paper will explore sampling strategies, identification possibilities, data interpretation, and associated strengths and limitations. The article demonstrates that employing multiple archaeobotanical techniques enhances the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the resulting list of ornamental plants. Once such a list is established, it can be integrated with other evidence, such as root cavities, to reconstruct garden designs and identify gardening trends, including the use of exotic species or practices such as dwarfing trees and shrubs. Additionally, the suggested list of ornamental plants can help reconstruct the sensory experience of ancient gardens, considering the plants' colors, scents, and possible soundscapes. This sensory analysis is further enriched by examining the surrounding environment, the garden's visual communication, and its features, including walls, fountains, channels, pools, and statues. This review paper primarily focuses on the ancient gardens of the Mediterranean and the Near East, but the approaches discussed and the conclusions drawn are applicable to ancient gardens worldwide. Prospects of the discipline are also given. • Main archaeobotanical methods for garden-archaeology: pollen, phytolith, wood and seed remains. • A multi-proxy approach is required to reconstruct the flora of ancient gardens. • These results can also reveal gardening trends, design, and the visitors' sensory experience. • To accurately reconstruct a garden, its soil must be treated as an archaeological artifact.