Fragrance inhalation toxicity assessment: a proactive testing strategy using ex vivo precision cut lung slices (PCLuS) for the prioritization of selected aroma ingredients candidates for in vivo testing

While PCLuS and further model development could not fully replace animal testing at this stage, this study's findings contribute to the reduction and refinement according to 3 R principles and might serve as a foundation for future testing strategies aiming toward a complete replacement.