Exosome Extracellular Vesicles: A Vehicle for Simultaneous Immune and Genetic Therapy

Exosomes are newly recognized universal minute nanosize particles made by all cells in all species that transfer genetic instructions between cells.They additionally can be made immune specific by antibody coating to achieve dual specific antigen targeting of particular acceptor cells, as well as being vehicles to deliver genetic information as RNAs to alter targeted cell function.Because of exceptional resistance properties, some therapeutic exosomes can be administered orally. What are exosomes?Exosomes are minute nano-sized lipid sacs called vesicles that are produced and then secreted by all cell types in all animal species.They are a sensational biologic discovery.As universal nano-particles of life, they are very small, but a big thing since they seem to be involved in nearly all biological and clinical processes.Importantly, these Nanovesicles may lead to new and highly advantageous therapies.Exosomes are the most common subset among a large very diverse group that exists outside of cells called extracellular vesicles.Exosomes are tiny spheres with an average diameter of 100 Nano meters, or about one hundredth the sizes of the producing cells (Figure 1).Production and release of extracellular vesicles, occurs in all animals, plants, fish, fungi and also in the basic single cell forms of life; such as bacteria and even most primitive archaea (Figure 2).