Flexible Pressure Sensor With Micro‐Protrusion Structure via Water‐Assisted Electrospinning for Biological Signal Acquisition and Photothermal Therapy

ABSTRACT Flexible pressure sensors, featuring high sensitivity, strong skin adhesion, and excellent integrability, are increasingly sought in applications such as wearable health detection, human‐machine interaction, and smart home systems. Engineering surface micro/nano structure within conductive polymer composites has proven to be an effective route to achieve high‐performance flexible sensors. However, conventional processing methods for surface micro/nano structures, such as photolithography and three‐dimensional (3D) printing, always suffer from high cost and complex process steps. Herein, a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/ethyl cellulose (EC) nanofiber membrane (TENM) with micro‐protrusion structure is fabricated through a facile, one‐step water‐assisted electrospinning process. A high‐performance flexible pressure sensor is subsequently constructed via screen printing, drop coating, and face‐to‐face assembly techniques. This resulting pressure sensor demonstrates comprehensive pressure sensing performances, including high sensitivity (up to 37.5 kPa −1 ), a wide working range (250 kPa), short response/recovery time (25/25 ms), as well as satisfactory long‐term stability (20 kPa for 1000 cycles). Benefiting from these good performances, the sensor enables full‐range human physiological signal acquisition, two‐dimensional (2D) planar pressure mapping, and robotic hand control. Furthermore, the MXene‐based pressure‐sensitive layer exhibits remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency, reaching 80°C within 80 s under 100 mW/cm 2 irradiation, highlighting the potential of this device for intelligent photothermal therapy applications.