High‐density lipoproteins augment hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis via regulation of post‐translational modulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α

Increasing evidence suggests that high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) promote hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is important in hypoxia and is modulated post-translationally by prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1-PHD3) and E3 ubiquitin ligases (Siah1 and Siah2). We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which HDLs augment hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Preincubation (16 h) of human coronary artery endothelial cells with reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) containing apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and phosphatidylcholine (20 μM, final apoA-I concentration), before hypoxia, increased Siah1 (58%) and Siah2 (88%) mRNA levels and suppressed PHD2 (32%) and PHD3 (45%) protein levels compared with hypoxia-induced control levels. After Siah1/2 small interfering RNA knockdown, rHDL was unable to suppress PHD2/3 and failed to induce HIF-1α, VEGF, and tubulogenesis in hypoxia. Inhibition of the upstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway also abrogated the effects of rHDL. Furthermore, knockdown of the scavenger receptor SR-BI attenuated rHDL-induced elevations in Siah1/2 and tubulogenesis in hypoxia, indicating that SR-BI plays a key role. Finally, the importance of VEGF in mediating the ability of rHDL to drive hypoxia-induced angiogenesis was confirmed using a VEGF-neutralizing antibody. In summary, rHDL augments the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway via SR-BI and modulation of the post-translational regulators of HIF-1α (PI3K/Siahs/PHDs). HDL-induced augmentation of angiogenesis in hypoxia may have implications for therapeutic modulation of ischemic injury.