Design and some applications of a generalised integrator

The design and performance are described of a generalised electronic integrator capable of integration with respect to a variable which is itself a function of time. The integrator is a hybrid analogue-digital device and is based on the use of Δ modulation sampling techniques. Signal frequencies in excess of 100c/s can be integrated satisfactorily within a 1% error. At lower frequencies the maximum error is about 0.2%. Some applications of the integrator are also described, together with experimental results for specific examples of application.