Role of the PI3K/AKT (mTOR and GSK3β) signalling pathway and photobiomodulation in diabetic wound healing

Activated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signalling with increased or reduced mTOR and GSK3β activity influences the wound repair process. Diabetic wounds, usually ulcerated, are characterised by reduced growth factors and cellular performance. The occurrence of diabetic ulcers is linked to peripheral arterial disease, neuropathy, and wound contamination. Lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs) provide photon energy with therapeutic benefits (Photobiomodulation-PBM), and has been broadly commended to quicken diabetic wound healing. PBM is efficient in the visible red and near-infrared electromagnetic spectrum, and fluencies ranging from 2 to 6 J/cm2. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by PBM are not fully understood. In this review we discuss PBM and the PI3K/AKT pathway with specific focus on the mTOR and GSK3β downstream activity in diabetic wound healing.