Effect of brookite phase on the anatase–rutile transition in titania nanoparticles

Nanosized TiO2 powders were prepared from the precipitation in the TiCl4 precursor under various pH values. The prepared titania existed in the form of nanocrystalline anatase with some brookite, which was evidenced by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The average crystallite sizes of the TiO2 particles heat treated at 450 °C for 2 h are in the range of 7–9 nm. The lattice constant c of anatase increased with increasing the synthesized pH value, whereas the volume fraction of the brookite phase increased with decreasing the synthesized pH value. The beginning and ending temperatures for the anatase–rutile transformation were found to decrease with increasing the volume fraction of the brookite phase. The brookite phase in the powder is responsible for enhancing the anatase–rutile transition.