New Insights on Catalytic Valorization of Carbon Dioxide by Conventional and Intensified Processes

Carbon capture is an emerging technology that is often mentioned as a potential solution to the global warming crisis. However, most of the captured carbon is now treated as waste, discarded, and not used in any meaningful way. On the other hand, from a sustainable development point of view, CO2 valorization could be a very appealing approach that offers an economic potential when this compound is recycled into valuable chemical products. In this regard, this state-of-the-art review encompasses a wide range of different processes to achieve the conversion of CO2 into a large variety of products. It does not focus solely on a specific reaction or method, but rather brings different aspects together to provide a far more complete portrait of this emerging subject. Several methods and approaches are discussed, namely thermochemical, electrochemical, photochemical, photoelectrochemical, biochemical, and plasma-assisted conversion. The current state of CO2 valorization, as well as emerging alternatives and stimulating prospects, was examined, while bearing in mind the realities that limit the application of such technologies. Special emphasis was placed on the optimization of reaction conditions and the development of materials that ensure the best possible production of valuable and environmentally friendly compounds from CO2. This review also highlights the challenges related to the application of CO2 valorization at an industrial scale, which are also important in directing further research in this domain and assessing the prospects of these technologies. Due to the growing number of published papers on the subject, and the limited number of papers offering such a large perspective, we thus believe that this review will be a valuable addition to guide all researchers involved in the field of CO2 valorization, but also for industrial and political leaders interested in investing in and developing these promising new technologies.