Enhancement in the Structural and Optical Properties after Incorporation of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Nanocomposite in Pristine CsSnBr3 for Solar Cell Application

The metal trihalide perovskite material has been studied due to its promising and outstanding optoelectronic properties. This study reveals that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) makes a nanocomposite with CsSnBr3 perovskite and it has the potential for making efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). rGO is a very stable material with tunable electronic properties. For this reason, the incorporation of rGO shows inconsistent and ambiguous results. The crystal structure of the pristine CsSnBr3 and rGO/CsSnBr3 nanocomposite has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). rGO's incorporation into perovskite improves the absorption of photons, increases the surface roughness, and affects the crystal quality of the rGO nanocomposite. We have studied the surface morphologies of rGO, CsSnBr3, and rGO nanocomposite material by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We have fabricated the solar cell device, and the corresponding calculated parameters are improved relatively after rGO incorporation. The best solar cell results are found for 3% rGO and the parameters are obtained to be a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.27%, VOC of 0.714 V, JSC of 12.04 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) of 61.32%. Therefore, rGO incorporated in a lead-free perovskite layer demonstrates highly promising properties for developing futuristic photovoltaic (PV) devices.