Routine Reflux Testing Guides Timely Antireflux Treatment to Reduce Acute and Chronic Rejection After Lung Transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux has been associated with poorer lung transplantation outcomes, although no standard approach to evaluation/management has been adopted. We aimed to evaluate the effect of timely antireflux treatment as guided by routine reflux testing on postlung transplant rejection outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients at a tertiary center. All patients underwent pretransplant ambulatory pH monitoring. Timely antireflux treatment was defined as proton pump inhibitor initiation or antireflux surgery within 6 months of transplantation. Patients were separated into 3 groups: normal pH monitoring (−pH), increased reflux (+pH) with timely treatment, and +pH with delayed treatment. Rejection outcomes included acute rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction per International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria. Time-to-event analyses using Cox proportional hazard models were applied. Patients not meeting outcomes were censored at death or last clinic visit. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-five patients (59% men/mean 56.3 yr/follow-up: 496 person-years) were included. On multivariable analyses, +pH/delayed treatment patients had higher risks of acute rejection (adjust hazard ratio [aHR]:3.81 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90–7.64], P = 0.0002), bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (aHR: 2.22 [95% CI: 1.07–4.58], P = 0.03), and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (aHR: 2.97 [95% CI: 1.40–6.32], P = 0.005) than +pH/timely treatment patients. Similarly, rejection risks were increased among +pH/delayed treatment patients vs −pH patients (all P < 0.05). No significant differences in rejection risks were noted between +pH/timely treatment patients and −pH patients. Failure/complications of antireflux treatment were rare and similar among groups. DISCUSSION: Timely antireflux treatment, as directed by pretransplant reflux testing, was associated with reduced allograft rejection risks and demonstrated noninferiority to patients without reflux. A standardized peri-transplant test-and-treat algorithm may guide timely reflux management to improve lung transplant outcomes.