Review on Group-V Doping in CdTe for Photovoltaic Application

In recent years, one of the most important advancements in cadmium telluride photovoltaic research and technology has been the realization that group-V doping is a viable strategy to increase open-circuit voltage and long-term reliability. Considering the critical importance of this topic, this article reviews the fundamentals of group-V doping, including the properties of group-V doped single crystals produced by various methods, doping mechanisms and limits, doping of polycrystalline films, and device performance. Research, which attempts to relate group-V doping to device efficiency, is assessed and the gaps in the current information are highlighted. We also provide important issues with group-V doping and suggest possible mitigation strategies.