Clostridium butyricum JJ100 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR alleviate liver injury in mice caused by continuous high-dose-alcohol exposure by protecting the intestinal barrier, rebuilding the gut microbiota and regulating AMPK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways

TLR4/NF-κB pathway inhibition (with the corresponding downregulation of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 and MPO). Notably, the probiotic agent also reversed alcohol-induced cognitive and physical impairments, restoring short-term memory and endurance in alcohol-fed mice.