Active empowerment of cell sheets: culture-stage intervention strategies driving functional enhancement and regenerative breakthroughs

outcomes of each strategy, discussing persistent challenges and possible improvements. By clarifying the physiological characteristics of cell sheets during cultivation and exploring effective intervention methodologies, this review seeks to resolve the two principal challenges facing CST and pave the way for fully realizing its regenerative potential. The insights presented here will support the development of more effective strategies to facilitate the widespread adoption of CST in regenerative medicine.