The brain-joint axis: links between osteoarthritis and neurodegenerative disorders in aging

We discuss how proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α) and metabolic stress mediators propagate systemic inflammation that exacerbates both cartilage degradation and neuronal damage. Furthermore, we propose that OA is not merely a localized musculoskeletal disorder but part of a broader systemic neuro-immuno-endocrine network whose dysfunction contributes to neurodegeneration. Indeed, this work delineates the mechanistic framework of the brain-joint axis, emphasizing its translational potential as a therapeutic target to simultaneously mitigate OA progression and neurodegenerative decline.