Fully bio-based furan/maleic anhydride epoxy resin with enhanced adhesive properties

Abstract Epoxy resins are widely used in a variety of application fields, thanks to their good mechanical strength, chemical resistance and adhesion to several substrates. Nowadays, the quite majority of epoxy resins are based on derivatives of bisphenol A (BPA), which poses serious health concerns. This issue is pushing the research towards suitable bio-based alternatives to this product, being furan-based epoxies very promising in this respect. In a previous work, 2,5-bis[(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) was cured with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA), and successfully used as tinplate coating. Herein, in a view of increasing the sustainability of these epoxy resins, we have replaced MNA with maleic anhydride (MA), which can be derived from vegetable feedstocks, thus obtaining a fully bio-based epoxy resin. This latter has then been used as adhesive for carbon fiber-reinforced thermosetting plastics (CFRP). The curing process of the resin was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and chemo-rheological analysis. The results highlighted the significantly higher reactivity of BOMF towards MA compared to the diglycidyl ether of BPA (DGEBA). The crosslinked samples were characterized in their thermal, mechanical and adhesive properties. In comparison to DGEBA/MA and BOMF/MNA, BOMF/MA showed higher ultimate strain and slightly lower glass transition temperature, tensile modulus and ultimate strength. Interestingly, BOMF/MA displayed outstanding adhesive strength on CFRP joints, outperforming the DGEBA-based counterpart by three times. Indeed, by properly selecting the anhydride curing agent, a highly ductile fully bio-based material was developed for high performance adhesive applications. The overall results demonstrate that the properties of BOMF-based epoxy resins can be tailored to meet technical and safety requirements of downstream applications, representing a sustainable alternative to traditional systems containing DGEBA.