背景(考古学)
钥匙(锁)
政策分析
概念框架
管理科学
计算机科学
过程管理
公共关系
政治学
社会学
经济
公共行政
业务
社会科学
计算机安全
生物
古生物学
作者
Lorraine M. McDonnell,Richard F. Elmore
标识
DOI:10.3102/01623737009002133
摘要
A major challenge for the next generation of policy research will be to apply the lessons of past implementation studies in building a more powerful conceptual framework and at the same time, in producing more useful information for policymakers. This article begins to build such a framework by focusing on the notion of alternative policy instruments, or the mechanisms that translate substantive policy goals into concrete actions. It examines four different types of instruments and attempts to specify key relationships among problem definition, instrument choice, organizational context, implementation, and effects.
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