Benefit–risk assessment of dietary selenium and its associated metals intake in China (2017-2019): Is current selenium-rich agro-food safe enough?

Dietary consumption of selenium-rich agro-food is an effective way to avoid selenium deficiency diseases, however, over consumption of selenium-rich agro-food will result in potential risk of selenosis and problems with associated metals. In this study, we measured the concentrations of selenium and its associated metals in 2756 common and 4894 selenium-rich agro-food samples in 10 regions of China. We found that selenium-rich rice, flour, edible fungi and algae, meat, and tea contain higher levels of associated metals than other selenium-rich agro-food samples. Increasing the consumption of selenium-rich agro-food could make the actual intakes (AIs) of selenium for all population to meet respective recommended daily intakes (RDIs). Benefit-risk assessment results indicated that increasing the consumption of selenium-rich agro-food make AIs of selenium for all populations meet RDIs, chromium intakes for people under 18 years old exceed provisional tolerated daily intake (PTDIs), while arsenic and cadmium intakes are close to PTDIs. The main dietary contributors of selenium, chromium, arsenic and cadmium were meat, edible fungi and algae, rice, and rice, respectively. The study supported the consumption of selenium-rich agro-food for effective selenium supplement, but also emphasized potential risk from associated metals in selenium-rich agro-food, especially chromium.