Extended Experience with a Dynamic, Data-Driven Selective Drain Management Protocol in Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Progressive Risk Stratification for Better Practice

This extended experience validates a dynamic drain management protocol, providing a model for better drain management and individualized patient care after pancreaticoduodenectomy. This study confirms that drains can be safely omitted from negligible/low-risk patients, and moderate/high-risk patients benefit from early drain removal.