Boosting the irregular wave energy harvesting performance of oscillating float-type TENGs via staggered alignment pairing-induced current superposition

An oscillating float-type triboelectric nanogenerator (OF-TENG) captures low-frequency ocean wave energy (0°–360°), delivering a current of 0.31 mA, a peak power of 111.56 mW, and an average volumetric power density of 21.58 W m −3 at 1 Hz.