Biosensors for the detection of protein kinases: Recent progress and challenges

Protein kinases act as a trigger for regulating a wide range of cellular processes including development, survival, apoptosis, control of metabolism, transcription signals, and beyond. These molecules play a vital role in the appropriate regulation of immune responses. Of note, different primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) have been linked to protein kinase defects. Therefore, monitoring and inhibiting kinase activity are of particular importance in medical diagnosis and drug discovery. There are various methods for the detection of kinases that biosensors have attracted a lot of attention due to their unique features such as low cost, fast, and on-site detection. In this review, we discuss the critical role of various types of electrochemical, optical, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemiluminescence biosensors developed for the accurate detection of protein kinases. This review offers biosensing technology for fast and real-time identification of immunodeficiency disorders related to protein kinases will be possible. We briefly refer to the important protein kinases involved in the PID conditions to emphasize their pivotal roles, while (bio)sensors designed for them have not been regarded compared to the other protein kinases already detected by the different biosensors until now. It is anticipated that a promising future will happen for the detection of related functional anomalies by biosensors.