Orally ingested nanosilica causes liver-specific accumulation and induces liver senescence and fibrosis via the microbiota-gut-liver axis

Continuous oral ingestion of SiO₂ NPs induced liver-specific accumulation, and caused abnormal deposition of liver lipids, senescence and fibrosis via microbiota-gut-liver crosstalk. Microbial therapy involving probiotic supplementation mitigated SiO₂ NPs-induced hepatotoxicity and exerted protective effects. This study provides a scientific reference for the rational application, risk management, and prevention of the harmful effects caused by SiO₂ NPs.