Tastes and retronasal odours evoke a shared flavour-specific neural code in the human insula

During food consumption, tastes combine with retronasal odours to form flavour, which leads to a link so robust that retronasal odours can elicit taste sensations without concurrent taste stimulation. However, the cortical integration of these parallel sensory signals remains unclear. Here, we combine a flavour-binding paradigm and functional neuroimaging to test whether retronasal odorants evoke encoding patterns in the insula similar to those of their paired tastants. Healthy participants attended a familiarisation session with congruent sweet and savoury flavours followed by two fMRI sessions where they separately received the constituent tastants and odorants. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed classification of retronasal odours within the insula, exhibiting overlapping representations with their associated tastes, particularly in the ventral anterior insula. Additionally, we observed temporal instability in insular taste representations, paralleling findings in rodent gustatory cortex. These findings underscore the robust integration of gustatory and retronasal olfactory processing that underpin the flavour percept.