New insights on applications of quantum dots in fuel cell and electrochemical systems

Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles containing a range of materials with a core-shell structure. They receive discernible attention in today's world due to their potential applications, from energy storage devices to medical applications. Nevertheless, there are many approaches to their synthesis and stability routes. This review focuses on two approaches for the synthesis of quantum dots, namely surface functionalization and quantum dot doping. In addition, their stability routes were discussed, such as the intermediate shell approach, alloyed core/shell approach, shell thickness approach, ligand design approach, and over-coating approach. The review concludes by addressing the recent progress of quantum dots applications, notably in photocatalysis for different applications, such as cathode, anode, and membranes for fuel cell applications, solar cells, sensors, and various energy storage devices applications.