Micro/nanoelectrode-based electrochemical methodology for single cell and organelle analysis

Cells are the basic unit of life. Electrochemical analysis of single cells/organelles is essential for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of physiological and pathological processes that are difficult to elucidate on a larger scale. This paper provides an overview of the commonly used fabrication methods for micro/nanoelectrodes applied in the investigations of single cells/organelles as well as the corresponding electrochemical measurements over the last four years including extracellular measurement, combination of extra and intracellular measurement, intracellular reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) measurement, and isolated organelles measurement.