The differences in immune features and genomic profiling between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma – A multi-center study in Chinese patients with uterine cervical cancer

Background Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) of the uterine cervix have distinct biological behaviors and different treatment responses. Studies on immune features and genomic profiling of these two pathologic types were limited and mainly focused on small patient cohorts. Methods From 2014 to 2021, 336 (254 SCC vs. 82 AC) cervical cancer patients who were diagnosed/treated in 7 medical centers in China were enrolled in the study. Next-generation sequencing of 425 cancer-relevant genes was performed on tumor tissues and liquid biopsies. Somatic alterations and immune response-related biomarkers were analyzed. Patient prognosis and immune infiltration were analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results AC tended to have more immunotherapy resistance-related STK11 alterations (P = 0.039), a higher proportion of microsatellite instability (P = 0.21), and more actionable mutations (P = 0.161). In contrast, higher tumor mutational burdens (TMB; P = 0.01), a higher proportion of TMB-high patients (P = 0.016), and more PD-L1-high patients (P = 0.0013) were observed in SCC. Multiple genetic alterations and aberrant signaling pathways were specifically enriched in AC (e.g., TP53, KRAS, ERBB2, and ARID1A alterations) or SCC (e.g., PIK3CA, FBXW7, EP300, and BAP1 mutations). Notably, AC-enriched genetic changes were significantly associated with decreased infiltrations of various B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, whereas SCC-associated molecular features tended to be associated with increased CD4+ T cell infiltrations. Conclusions This was the first multi-center study revealing the immunologic and genomic features between SCC and AC in Chinese patients with cervical cancer. Our findings have illustrated the difference in genetic profiles of those two cervical cancer subtypes, which may suggest the possibility of differential treatment regimens, with better immunotherapy efficacy in SCC and targeted therapy options more favorable in AC.