Inkjet-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Method Coupled with UHPLC–MS/MS for the Determination of Aflatoxins in Wheat

A novel method was developed for determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) in wheat using inkjet-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A drop-on-demand jetting device was used to form a cloudy solution in traditional DLLME by injecting extraction solvent (10 μL) as ultrafine droplets (∼20 μm diameter) at high frequency into sample solution. The method was validated using wheat as a representative matrix, which was pretreated with acetonitrile/water solution. Good linearity was observed over the studied range (0.06-6 μg/kg), and the limits of quantification (0.06-0.18 μg/kg) were below the maximum level established by the European Union for cereal. Satisfactory recoveries, ranging from 83.2% to 93.0% with relative standard deviations below 4.6%, were obtained for all compounds. The method, which is convenient and reliable and has low solvent consumption, represents a new direction for the development of traditional DLLME technology.