Recent advance and mechanistic aspect of phytoremediation via plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for cadmium and chromium remediation

Abstract In this review article, the mechanism of phytoremediation via Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for cadmium and chromium remediation are fully discussed including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilization. In addition, the factors that affected the remediation are also listed. Moreover, to obtain the state-of-art in cadmium and chromium remediation and give their future perspectives, the typical examples in literatures for cadmium and chromium remediation by PGPR are collected and reviewed. Totally, this article includes 71 references.