Design and analysis of a passive exoskeleton with its hip joint energy–storage

A novel passive hip exoskeleton has been designed and built with the aim of reducing metabolic consumption during walking by a passive way of storing the negative mechanical energy in the deceleration phase and releasing it in the acceleration phase. A ratchet spiral spring mechanism with a set of double stable switches is designed inside the exoskeleton for the above purpose. An analysis is conducted on the mechanism and the switching timing for the energy management to automatically store or release the energy according to the biomechanics of walking. In addition, a gravity–balance mechanism embedded inside the exoskeleton is designed as well to minimize the influence of the lower limb weight on muscle work. Human–exoskeleton interaction has been studied using the Opensim software, and simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the exoskeleton in reducing metabolic consumption during walking. An exoskeleton prototype has been built and tested with experiments measuring assistive torque and surface electromyography signal, confirming the effectiveness of the gravity–balance mechanism and energy–storage method, as well as the exoskeleton’s actual assistive effect.