Neuroinflammation and hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy: mechanisms, pathways, and therapeutic perspectives

Hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy is a major pathological consequence of chronic hypertension, leading to heart failure and increased cardiovascular morbidity. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation in the development and progression of hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the interplay between neuroinflammation and hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy, focusing on the roles of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), immune activation, and central nervous system (CNS) dysregulation. We also explore the molecular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation-induced cardiac remodeling and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammatory pathways. By integrating recent preclinical and clinical findings, this review aims to shed light on novel approaches to prevent or reverse hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy through modulation of neuroinflammation.