Treatment of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries

In recent years, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries in electric vehicles have significantly increased concerns over potential environmental threats. Besides reducing environmental pollution, recycling valuable materials is crucial for resource utilization. This study summarized the latest LFP recovery technologies, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bioleaching, and direct regeneration. The topics covered are the structure of LFPs, the recovery routes using various leaching agents, and the evaluation of effective separation procedures and their progress. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities associated with recycling LFP cathodes. This review will aid in gaining a better understanding of the development of sustainable methods for recycling Li-ion batteries.